Big Wiener Energy T-Shirt

Product Information

Ying CHEN, Tao HUANG, Lixin TIAN. Co-integration analysis of energy structure diversity and energy efficiency with provincial data as example. Journal of Jiangsu University(Natural Science Edition). 2016;37(02):242–248. The estimation of labor force L should fully consider the factors of human capital and reflect the education level of employees. Therefore, the calculation formula of labor force is:

Treating brains as neural information processors does not help us to understand consciousness as a physical process because information, according to the commonly accepted definitions, is not a physical property of brains at the neural level; there is no information in a neuron 15. It is useful, however, to apply information-theoretical methods to study the organization of physical systems, such as brains. Wiener (1948) stated: “…the amount of information in a system is a measure of its degree of organization…” As exemplified in several studies and theories cited here, we can measure and model the way the organization of energetic processes in the brain contributes to the presence of consciousness in a person 16. But the abstract difference between 0 and 1 is not equivalent to the actualized difference between a neuron at rest and firing. The Brain as a ‘Difference Engine’ In discussions of the nature and behavior of forces at the microscopic level we often find references to the way they ‘feel’ ( Feynman, 1963 ), or the way they ‘experience’ each other in fields ( Rennie, 2015 ). It would be interesting to investigate what motivates the use of such terms in this context. Han Joon. LMDI Decomposition Analysis for Electricity Consumption in Korean Manufacturing. Journal of Energy Engineering. 2015;24(1):137–148. Lian-de LI, Qing WANG, Hao LIU, Yang SONG. Calculation and Analysis of Diversity of Domestic Primary Energy Supply. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science). 2008;29(4):577–580. Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Chinai)The energy consumption structure diversity in Shaanxi is lower than the national average. Shaanxi’s energy consumption structure diversity index and equilibrium index generally show a slow upward trend. In most years, the Shaanxi energy consumption structure diversity index is higher than 0.8, and the equilibrium index is higher than 0.6, but lower than the national energy consumption structure diversity index and equilibrium index in the same period. According to the change of the diversity index, it can be roughly divided into three stages. The first stage is from 2000 to 2005, in this stage, Shaanxi energy consumption structure diversity index and equilibrium index show a fluctuating decrease, and Shaanxi energy consumption structure diverse index dropped from 0.7751 in 2000 to 0.7519 in 2005, and the equilibrium index dropped from 0.5591 in 2000 to 0.5424 in 2005, indicating that Shaanxi’s energy consumption is overly dependent on coal resources at this stage, and the gap of various energy consumption within the energy system is widening. The second stage is from 2006 to 2012, both the Shaanxi energy consumption structure diversity index and equilibrium index have shown a rapid upward trend in this stage. The Shaanxi energy consumption structure diversity index increased from 0.766 in 2006 to 0.8257 in 2012. The equilibrium index increased from 0.5525 in 2006 to 0.5956 in 2012, indicating that the optimization of energy consumption in Shaanxi continues to improve at this stage, and the consumption of natural gas, primary electricity and other energy is expanding. The third stage is from 2013 to 2021, Shaanxi energy consumption structure diversity index and equilibrium index are basically stable in this stage, and the diversity index and equilibrium index are maintained at around 0.8 and 0.6 respectively, which reflects that the status quo of high proportion of coal in the energy consumption structure has not been changed, on the other hand, it also reflects that the types of energy sources in Shaanxi have not increased, and the main energy structure is basically stable. The pollution caused by diesel combustion in diesel engines is one of the main contributors to global air pollution ( Aghbashlo et al., 2017b; 2018b). The most crucial emissions released from diesel combustion are CO 2, NO X, sulfur oxides (SO X), CO, and PM emissions ( Aghbashlo et al., 2021b). There is evidence that these emissions play a crucial role in damage to the environment and human health ( Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha et al., 2020). To solve the problem associated with diesel exhaust emissions and to mitigate the existing environmental pressure, cleaner alternatives to diesel are widely sought ( Khalife et al., 2017; Aghbashlo et al., 2018a). Despite the enormous amount of interest in the physics of energy and its central importance in so many branches of science, its nature remains in many ways mysterious ( Feynman, 1963; Smil, 2008; Coopersmith, 2010) and it has been the subject of relatively little philosophical interrogation ( Coelho, 2009). Treating energy as an abstract accounting quantity is perfectly satisfactory for many scientific purposes, where there is little reason to question its nature. But if energetic activity plays a significant role in consciousness, as the evidence cited above suggests it might, then its nature deserves closer scrutiny. Lian-de LI, Qing WANG, Hao LIU. Research of primary energy supply diversity in China. China Mining Magazine. 2007;16(12):1–4+11. I am grateful to the following for discussions and suggestions: Alistair Burleigh, Alan Dix, Chris Doran, Robert K. Logan, Heddwyn Loudon, Chen Song, Galen Strawson, Emmett Thompson, Sander Van der Cruys, and to the reviewers for their comments and criticism. Footnotes

The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication. Funding The concept of diversity is original from ecology, organisms are affected by factors such as genes, populations, species, and ecosystems, and often show multiple types and levels in the process of evolution, which makes the ecosystem show diversity and variability [ 28]. Biodiversity generally includes genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity. Biologists generally believe that biodiversity is the result of the evolution of life for hundreds of millions of years on the earth, and it is also the material guarantee for maintaining the basic functions of organisms and the survival and development of human beings [ 29]. The core of biodiversity is species diversity, including two concepts of species richness and evenness. Species richness describes the sum of all species in a certain space and belongs to a total dimension. Species evenness describes the uniformity of the number distribution of these species in a certain space, which belongs to another balance dimension. Later, scholars introduce the concept of diversity into all aspects of cultural and society, and gradually formed concepts such as cultural diversity, ecological environment diversity, organizational diversity, and business diversity. Wang, Z. Cognitive Complexity and the ‘Supports’ of Modeling. In Texts in Logic Volume 2: Model Based Reasoning in Science and Engineering; Magnani, L., Ed.; King’s College Publications: London, UK, 2006; pp. 249–263. [ Google Scholar]If energy is the ability to do work then the displacement of a body undergoing work is due to force, defined as the “agency that tends to change the momentum of a massive body” ( Rennie, 2015) or less formally as a “push or a pull.” Forces act and react antagonistically in equally opposing pairs and are therefore, like energy, manifestations of difference. The discipline of physics finds it convenient to treat energy, forces and work as distinct quantities to be balanced in abstract mathematical equations. But in nature they are integral and actualized, acting collectively in time and space with causal efficacy. Qin-yuan XUE, Xin-wei NIE, Kai GONG. Primary Energy Structure Evolution, Problems and Countermeasures in China—From the Perspective of Supply Diversity. Resource Development & Market. 2021;37(5):525–531. Another conversion pathway to valorize forest biomass is gasification. González and García (2015) converted wood biomass into bio-oil through the gasification process and subsequent liquefaction (Fischer-Tropsch). Natarajan et al. (2014) reported that the installation of five Fischer-Tropsch plants could contribute to achieving Finland’s various 2020 targets, i.e., using up to 58% of the available forest biomass for energy production, total emission reduction of 4%, and powering the transportation sector with 100% biofuel. Sunde et al. (2011) also estimated that converting forest biomass and woody wastes into liquid biofuel by the Fischer-Tropsch process as a replacement for fossil diesel could reduce the overall environmental impacts of the transportation sector in Norway. GHG savings and reductions in greenhouse impacts by production and use of Fischer-Tropsch biofuel from forest residues are estimated to amount to roughly 20–90% on a 100-year timescale ( Jäppinen et al., 2014). It should also be noted that in addition to reducing CO 2 emissions, biofuel production from forest biomass could also offer economic opportunities, including creating new jobs ( Natarajan et al., 2014). iv)The energy consumption structure diversity in Shaanxi is negatively correlated with energy efficiency. Shaanxi H index is negatively correlated with total factor energy utilization efficiency in Shaanxi, and for every 1% increase in Shaanxi H index, total factor energy utilization efficiency decreases by 0.044%, indicating that with the improvement of the energy consumption structure diversity in Shaanxi, total factor energy utilization efficiency declines. The internal proportion of the energy consumption structure has constantly optimized with more and more investment, which leads to decline in total factor energy efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the improvement of total factor energy utilization efficiency while improving the energy consumption structure, so as to promote the GDP. The proportion of coal is negatively correlated with total factor energy utilization efficiency in Shaanxi, and for every 1% increase in coal proportion, total factor energy utilization efficiency decreases by 0.133%, indicating that with the increase in the proportion of coal consumption in total energy consumption in Shaanxi, total factor energy Utilization efficiency declines. High proportion of coal consumption will affect the improvement of total factor energy utilization efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to improve total factor energy utilization efficiency and gradually reduce the proportion of coal consumption.

It can be seen that the fitting results of the linear regression model are basically usable. The comprehensive significance test of the model shows that F is 4.099, P is 0.034, and the coefficient of determination is 0.313, indicating that the overall model passes the test at the 5% significance level. The Shaanxi H index passes the significance test at the 10% significance level, and the estimated coefficient of coal proportion passes the significance test at the 5% significance level, indicating that the Shaanxi H index and the estimated coefficient of coal proportion are significant under the corresponding conditions. Based on the above result, the overall model and the estimated coefficients of the two independent variables have passed the significance test. Nasir Muhammad Ali, Canh Nguyen Phuc, Lan Le Thi Ngoc. Environmental degradation & role of financialisation, economic development, industrialisation and trade liberalisation. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021;277:111471. pmid:33049616 During gasification, the reaction rate can be controlled by adjusting the gas flow. Using this strategy, the decomposition rate of forest biomass into hydrogen could reach 60% ( Solar et al., 2018). The cost of hydrogen production from forest biomass through gasification is about 1.18USD/kg H2 ( Sarkar and Kumar, 2009), almost half of the other processes ( Sarkar and Kumar, 2010). It should be noted that industrial gasification devices are usually connected with power generation equipment to generate electricity while providing gas; the former can be supplied to nearby households ( Sasujit et al., 2017; Schulzke, 2019).In light of the significance of forest biomass in the global energy market in the future, the present work aims to briefly report on various methods of forest biomass conversion into bioenergy and biofuels. Direct Utilization of Forest Biomass Direct Combustion of Wood for Energy Production Scholar’s research conclusion on the influencing factors of carbon emissions can be summarized into four aspects. From the perspective of economic factors, the main factors affecting carbon emissions include economic growth, trade openness, industrial level, energy consumption and so on [ 33]. From the perspective of institutional policy, financial system and regulatory regulations also have an important impact on carbon emissions [ 34]. From the perspective of energy system, coal, oil and other fossil fuels are crucial to carbon emissions [ 35]. From the perspective of urban development, urbanization will aggravate carbon dioxide emissions [ 36]. However, these research perspectives are mostly focused on economic development and market regulation, the mechanism of carbon emission within the energy system has not been carefully explored. Among them, H max represents the maximum value of the energy consumption structure diversity, and in the maximum equilibrium state, the maximum value of the diversity index is lnN. It can be seen from the formula that when the energy consumption structure equilibrium index E approaches to 0, it means that the non-equilibrium degree of the primary energy consumption structure increases; when the energy consumption structure equilibrium index E approaches to 1, it means that each energy types in primary energy consumption structure is nearly equal.

Several techniques have been developed to facilitate the transportation and improve the conversion rate of forest biomass, like mechanical processing of biomass into granular substance (pellet). Pelleting of forest biomass improves its density and reduces water content ( Valdés et al., 2018). Density and moisture are two critical properties of biomass affecting combustion efficiency. Hence, direct combustion or co-combustion of pelleted forest biomass with coal could increase combustion efficiency. For instance, it has been reported that the efficiency of pellet-fired boilers ranged between 85 and 90% compared with wood-fired boilers varying from 75 to 85% ( Sandro et al., 2019). Poumanyvong P., Kaneko S. Does urbanization lead to less energy use and lower CO2 emissions? A cross-country analysis. Ecological Economics. 2010.;70(2):434–444. Yuan Baolong, Ren Shenggang, Chen Xiaohong. The effects of urbanization, consumption ratio and consumption structure on residential indirect CO2 emissions in China: A regional comparative analysis. Applied Energy. 2015;140:94–106.

Information is variously and sometimes imprecisely defined in science ( Capurro and Hjørland, 2003), its meaning is still strongly contested ( Lombardi et al., 2016; Roederer, 2016), and many people regard it as being to some extent subjective, relativistic, or observer-dependent ( von Foerster, 2003; Deacon, 2010; Werner, 2011; Logan, 2012; Searle, 2013; de-Wit et al., 2016). The term is often used in science colloquially (meaning ‘what is conveyed by an arrangement of things’) or “intuitively” ( Erra et al., 2016). And where one might expect to find a clear definition, such as in a dictionary of physics, biology or chemistry, none appears ( Hine, 2015; Rennie, 2015, 2016).